Bill Clinton

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Bill Clinton Order: 42nd President Term of Office: , - , Predecessor: Successor: Date of Birth: , , Place of Birth: : Profession: , : :

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born , ) was the 42nd (-) of the .

Table of contents

Early life and education

Clinton was born in and raised in . He was named William Jefferson Blythe IV after his father, William Jefferson Blythe III, a travelling salesman who had been killed in a car accident just three months before his son was born. Billy, as he was called, was raised by his mother and stepfather Roger Clinton, using the last name "Clinton" throughout elementary school, but not formally changing it until he was 15. Clinton grew up in a turbulent family. His stepfather was a gambler and alcoholic who regularly abused his wife, and sometimes Clinton's half brother , Jr. (born 1956).

He rose from poverty to graduate from with a degree in International Affairs, attending 's prestigious () on a , and receiving a law degree from . At Yale, Bill Clinton met , and they married in . They have one daughter , born in .

Early Political Career

After teaching law at the for a few years, Clinton was elected Attorney General of in . Bill Clinton was first elected in , and at the time he was the youngest state governor in the United States. His first term was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax, and popular anger over the escape of Cuban prisoners (from the ) detained in in . Furthermore, Hillary Rodham's decision to keep her maiden name while Arkansas' First Lady raised many eyebrows in the traditionally conservative state. After only one term, Clinton was defeated by challenger in .

Out of office, Clinton addressed the concerns that led to his political failure. He established new relationships with business interests, and made amends with the political establishment of the state. Hillary took her husband's surname and adopted a more traditional public role as a political wife, while quietly establishing herself as a political force in her own right through her skills as an attorney. Clinton was elected governor again in , and served five additional terms in Arkansas until .

Clinton's business-friendly approach mollified conservative criticism during his terms as governor. However, several deals the Clintons made during this period led to the investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration.

Presidency

Clinton's first major foray into national politics occurred when he was enlisted to speak at the party convention in , introducing candidate . Clinton's address, scheduled to last fifteen minutes, became a debacle as Clinton gave a notoriously dull speech that lasted over half an hour.

Despite this setback, Clinton prepared for a run in 1992 against incumbent president . In the aftermath of the , President Bush seemed undefeatable, and several potential Democratic candidates passed on what seemed to be a lost cause.

Clinton won the 1992 election against the Republican Bush and independent candidate , largely on a platform focusing on domestic issues, notably the economic recession of the pre-election period - using the line "It's the economy, stupid!", in his campaign headquarters.

Clinton's opponents raised various "character" issues during the campaign, including Clinton's apparent evasion of the during the Vietnam War, and his glib response to a question about past marijuana use. Allegations of womanizing and shady business deals also were raised. While none of these alleged flaws led to Clinton's defeat, they did fuel unusually vehement opposition to Clinton's policies among many from the very beginning of his presidency.

Clinton was the first Democrat to serve two full terms as President since . His election ended an era in which the Republican party had controlled the Presidency for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. That election also brought the Democrats full control of the political branches of the federal government, including both houses of as well as the Presidency, for the first time since the administration of .

Immediately upon taking office, Clinton fulfilled a campaign promise by signing the , which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of a family or medical emergency. While this action was popular, Clinton's initial reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly gay members of the garnered criticism from both the left (for being too tentative in promoting ) and the right (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Clinton and agreed to a policy, which officially remains in effect.

Throughout the 1990s, Clinton presided over continuous economic expansion (which, according to the , began in ), reductions in unemployment, and growing wealth through a massive rise in the . Clinton's role in promoting this prosperity is a matter of considerable debate: some substantial credit can be apportioned to groups such as the Congress and chief , whom Clinton renominated, as well as the congruence of technological and global economic conditions which had little to do with Clinton. In addition to these factors, some Clinton supporters also credit the reduction in the , as well as Clinton's policies.

As president, Clinton was characterized as being a much more "hands on" president than some of his Republican predecessors. While Bush and Reagan had operated under what some critics dubbed an of bureaucratic "courtiers," Clinton had much more fickle relationships with his aides, and did not delegate them significant powers. He went through four - a record number of men in a position that had once been the epicenter of the Imperial Presidency. This is not to say that Clinton was without political confidants in the White House. The First Lady played an active role in helping the President form policy, and Clinton's two best friends and most loyal supporters, and could often be seen defending the President's policies in Washington and on the .

After two years of Democratic party control under the leadership of President Clinton, the mid-term elections in 1994 proved disastrous for the Democrats. They lost control of both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years, in large part due to a failed attempt to create a comprehensive health care system under a plan developed by the First Lady .

After the 1994 election, the spotlight shifted to the spearheaded by . The Republican-controlled Congress and President Clinton sparred over the budget, resulting in a series of government shutdowns at a political penalty to the Republicans.

Before and ( members) started developing , a mass terrorist attack, Yousef was considering assassinating Bill Clinton during his late visit to the . Yousef thought of several ways to kill him, including placing a bomb on Clinton's motorcade route, firing a stinger missile at or the presidential , and killing him with a chemical weapon called . Yousef aborted the idea, believing it would be too difficult to kill Clinton. Instead, Yousef would target and incorporate the Pope assassination plot into his project. was later exposed before it could be implemented after an apartment fire in led investigators to Yousef's computer. Yousef was arrested a month later in , but Mohammed was not arrested until .

In the , Clinton won re-election by a healthy margin over Republican , while the Republicans retained control of the Congress but lost a few seats.

Clinton developed a close working relationship with , the of the , when he was elected in .

He took a personal interest in in and paid three visits there while he was president in order to encourage peace. This helped both sides in the divided community there to begin to talk, setting in motion the process that lead to the commencing disarmament on , .

In 1999, in conjunction with a controlled by the he balanced the US budget for the first time since .

Public Image and Personality

As the first president, Bill Clinton was seen during his presidency and during his candidacy as quite a break from the presidents of the and previous generations who had come before him. He was discussed upon his breaking onto the political horizon as a remarkably informal president in a "common man" kind of way, with his frequent patronage of becoming a popular symbol of this image. With his rhetoric and pioneering use of pop culture in his campaigning, Clinton was declared, often negatively, as the "MTV president". This designation followed Clinton's MTV appearance during his campaign. Although he was able to win voters in the 1992 election, with the highest Gen-X turnout ever, this appearance was widely criticized for flashiness and lack of substance, and with doubts about how questions directed to him like "Boxers or briefs?" reflected his audience's interest in his platform. dubbed Clinton "the first Black president", inspired by his image as the 1990s version of the "average guy", his administration's sensitivity towards environmental issues, and his experience with dealing with oppression on the struggling side of the during the 1960s.

Hillary Clinton's very strong role in the administration led to a degree of criticism toward a First Lady not seen since the days of . Many people saw the couple as an unprecendented political partnership (negatively compared in some quarters to that of and in Argentina). Some even charged that Hillary, and not Bill, was the dominant force behind the team.

Social conservatives were put off by Bill Clinton's having been a "" during his coming-of-age era (Clinton would definitely not have been viewed as such by the hippie subculture). He did not receive support from people who viewed him as a cowardly draft-dodger. Clinton had avoided the draft while he was studying abroad during the . Clinton's marijuana use - clumsily excused by Clinton's claim that he "didn't inhale" - further damaged his image. Although he actually was to the right of previous Democratic candidates for the presidency on many issues, and he supported the , and uniforms in public schools and other measures opposed by supporters, and expanded the greatly while in office, Clinton was unable to wash his youthful reputation from his opponent's minds. Intense opposition to the Clintons was perhaps the main factor in the phenomenal growth or right-wing in the 1990s.

Clinton's working-class white southern background was a complicating factor. Many white southern conservatives viewed Clinton as a "traitor" to his class, with his Ivy League and Rhodes Scholarship education and liberal world view. Other opponents viewed Clinton's character faults and boorish tastes as evidence of his "" upbringing. Critics of the right wing point out that several prominent conservatives, including , had very similar charges of draft evasion, womanizing, and corruption in their past as well; and that these allegations are tied less to Clinton's actual "character" as they are to his refusal to conform to the conservativism expected from white southern politicians.

Compounded with Clinton's 1960s past was his reputation for a liking of women, which further increased the fears of those who viewed him as a creepy hedonist. Rumors about Clinton's adultery were floating about, and these surfaced and increased with ' accusations of sexual harassment. After allegations had linked him to Paula Jones, and , Clinton's sex life would become the focus of his public image when in January 1998 recorded conversations by contained statements by White House intern about having oral sex. From then on, Clinton would be the subject of endless gags and satires portraying him as a sex-hungry man who couldn't keep his zipper zipped. Hillary Clinton's decision to stand by her husband (although publicly uncomfortable with him in the aftermath of the Lewinsky affair) furthered the image of their marriage as one of political convenience.

Perhaps most ominously, several incidents during Clinton's Arkansas governorship and presidency led to lurid accusations made in talk radio, and by conservative authors. Among these were rumors of involvement or collusion with drug traffickers (centering an airport in ) and use (his brother Roger was covicted of cocaine possession in the 1980s), and the mysterious suicide of long-time friend and aide in a Washington park in . The deadly stand off near in , and the killing of members of the family by federal agents at fomented further far right and hostility to the Clinton administration.

Clinton is often referred to by the nickname "Bubba", which alludes to his southern "good ol' boy" background. Other nicknames in common use for the forty-second president include "Slick Willy", from his sexual escapades and evasive manner, and "Big Dog", portraying him as a large, lusty drooling hound. Clinton detractors from all parts of the political spectrum often refer to him as "Klinton", respelling his name with a K to evoke orthography, placing him in the same class as the (see ), concealing that Clinton was a democrat and a friend of modern Germany with its anti-nazi education. Clinton speaks fluently.

Impeachment

Much of Clinton's presidency was overshadowed by numerous scandals, including the -led Whitewater investigation. Originally dealing with a failed land deal years earlier, Starr's investigation eventually expanded to include the suicide of the Clintons' friend , an alleged sexual encounter with a woman named Paula Jones (who later admitted to taking money from conservative political groups, but received a settlement from Clinton), "Troopergate" -- in which an Arkansas State Trooper claimed to have arranged sexual encounters for then Governor Clinton (claims the State Trooper later recanted while admitting he had taken money from the conservative tabloid ""), and his sexual encounters with . Starr's successor, Robert Ray, declined to prosecute the Clintons on all the charges.

Clinton was impeached on , by the on grounds of and , becoming the first elected U.S. President to be impeached (and the second ever, the previous one being ). The , however, in a trial that started on , , voted not to convict Clinton of the charges on , allowing Clinton to stay in office for the remainder of his second term. The impeachment cited abuse of powers and for -- lying under oath to a regarding matters related to his sexual affair with (uncovered by an investigation into the unrelated ).

The perjury charge was defeated with 55 "not guilty" votes and 45 "guilty" votes. On the obstruction of justice article, the chamber was evenly split, 50-50. Despite considerable protestations by Senators that they were performing an impartial trial purely on the basis of the evidence, it is notable that both votes were essentially along party lines. A two-thirds majority, 67 votes, is necessary to convict the President on impeachment charges.

Clinton was charged with lying under oath about his affair with Lewinsky to gain advantage in a sexual harassment case brought by Paula Jones, a case he later settled by paying Paula Jones $850,000. A Federal judge found Clinton also to be in contempt of court for lying in a deposition and ordered him to pay a $90,000 fine. This contempt citation led to disbarment proceedings similar to 's. To avoid these Clinton surrendered his law license. Clinton was the second President to be , being the first.

Pardons

Clinton gave 140 his last day of office. Although it is common for Presidents to grant a number of pardons before leaving office, as the details of Clinton's pardons unfolded (some given to campaign contributors, one to a cocaine trafficker, and one to fugitive ) he was subject to severe and lingering criticism.

Legacy

Clinton presided over the period of longest steady growth of the economy in modern American history. However, his active role in this development is debatable. Moreover, when the stockmarket crashed in , much of this growth was destroyed; it had been largely based on rising stockmarket valuations, not genuine productive capacity.

Clinton is seen as having led — in conjuction with the (DLC) — the Democratic Party from the left, towards a more moderate position. During the , the Party was accused of abandoning its traditional base of support (unions, the working class, minorities) in pursuit of a center-right position, responding — and funded by — corporate contributors. The current quandary of the Democratic party is primarily due to its inability to define itself vis-à-vis the Republican Party and offer a clear alternative. Clinton was able to surmount this problem through sheer personal charisma, but his successors have been less successful.

Post-Presidential Career

Like all but one living former American presidents, Clinton has engaged in a career as a public speaker on a variety of issues. He is in high demand and receives very large fees for this, and his speeches have often been very well received. In these, he continues to comment on aspects of contemporary politics. One notable theme is his advocacy of multilateral solutions to problems facing the world, which may be viewed in contrast to the successive administration which is much more prepared to act unilaterally. Clinton's close relationship with the African-American community has been highlighted in his post-Presidential career with his opening of his personal office in the Harlem section of New York City. He assisted his wife in her campaign for office as a federal Senator representing New York.

Cabinet

• - (1993-1997), (1997-2001)
• - (1993-1994), (1994-1997), (1997-2001)
• - (1993-1994), (1995-1999), (1999-2001)
• -
• -
• - (1993-1994), (1994-2001)
• - (1993-1996), (1996-1997), (1997-2000), (2001)
• - (1993-1997), (1997-2001)
• -
• - (1993-1997), (1997-2001)
• - (1993-1997), (1997-2001)
• - (1993-1997), (1997-1998), (1998-2001)
• -
• - (1993-1997), (1998-2000), (2000-2001)

Major legislation signed

• Creation of the volunteer program
• 1994 Crime Bill Expansion - as part of an omnibus crime bill, the federal was expanded to some 60 different offenses
• On , he authorized a $100 million agreement with to track down and root out .
• Telecom bill, which eliminated major ownership restrictions for radio and television groups.
• (signed after vetoing it twice before)
• increase
• , allowed states the power to refuse to recognize gay marriages granted in other states, among other things

Major legislation vetoed

• Republican 1996 national budget (leading to a temporary government shutdown)
• H.R. 1833, partial birth abortion ban
• Twice vetoed before signing the identical act. ( An act which radically decreased welfare rolls. )

appointments

• - 1993
• - 1994

Major legislation he failed to get passed through Congress

• - appointed a committee headed by to come up with a universal health insurance plan, known as "socialized medicine" by opponents. Complexity, poor design, and resistance from the insurance and the medical communities resulted in lack of support and it failed to get a single vote.

Initiatives

• Reform - appointed a committee on Social Security Reform and then dismissed their recommendations without ever proposing legislation.
• Tried to get of Israel and , President of the Palestinian Council to agree to a final settlement agreement.
• Initiated the policy toward gays in the military, 1993.

Timeline

• , - government siege on the compound at Waco, Texas results in the death of 80 people - Republicans blame Clinton and Attorney General , rather than cult leader
• , - Clinton friend and confidant commits suicide during the height of the Whitewater investigation
• , - - Ranger Units receive heavy casualies in . Military disgruntled because it was denied the hardware it thought essential to the operation.
• ???? - Clinton and Russian President sign the which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in the .
• , - - Bombing of federal building in results in the death of 168 people
• , - Budget negotiations between Congress and the President break down, resulting in temporary shutdown of U.S. Federal Government. Shutdowns (partial and full) continue through January, 1996.
• , - Clinton organizes the at , Ohio, temporarily bringing a cease fire to the Balkan States
• , - Clinton visits , leading to the establishment of an International Commission, chaired by former U.S. Senator
• , - , defeating Republican challenger Bob Dole
• , - Visit by to the
• , - Clinton orders cruise missile strikes on and suspected factory in
• , - Clinton impeached by the on grounds of and
• , - The starts nationally televised trial of Clinton.
• , - Clinton acquitted of charges.
• to , - bombs and ()
• , - US planes accidentally bomb embassy in ()
• , - withdraws from Kosovo ()
• , - The defeat of in earlier elections leads to mass demonstrations in Belgrade and ultimate collapse of the regime's authority. Opposition leader took office as Yugoslav president on .

Related articles

• in Little Rock, Arkansas

Further reading

• , The Clinton Wars.
• , How To Destroy A Village : What The Clintons Taught A Seventeen Year Old, , 2003, trade paperback: 232 pages,

External links

• - by

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Succeeded by: